Layouts modify the execution environment of a strictly-confined snap.
With layouts, you can make elements in $SNAP, $SNAP_DATA, $SNAP_COMMON accessible from locations such as /usr, /var and /etc. This helps when using pre-compiled binaries and libraries that expect to find files and directories outside of locations referenced by $SNAP or $SNAP_DATA.
Layouts can also be used to help hooks access any executables they may require.
Layouts can only help within a snap’s environment. They cannot be used to expose elements within a snap to the host environment.
Using layouts
Layouts are transparently supported by Snapcraft when using a base snap (e.g. base: core22).
As a simple example, consider an application you want to snap that:
- stores all data in
/var/lib/foo - has a configuration file in
/etc/foo.conf - uses read-only data in
/usr/share/foo
A layout that allows such software to be used without snap-specific modifications can be defined as follows:
layout:
/var/lib/foo:
bind: $SNAP_DATA/var/lib/foo
/usr/share/foo:
bind: $SNAP/usr/share/foo
/etc/foo.conf:
bind-file: $SNAP_DATA/etc/foo.conf
None of the above filesystem modifications are visible to any other snaps, or from the wider user session. They’re only visible within the per-snap mount namespace.
Layout reference
The syntax for defining a layout is:
layout:
<target-path>: <declaration>
<target-path>: <declaration>
..
Layouts are defined as a key-value map, mapping from a <target-path> to a layout declaration. Each declaration may be one of the following:
symlink: <source-path>: create a symbolic link. This method is preferred because it is the cheapest; the other methods significantly increase the startup time of your application.bind: <source-path>: bind-mount a directory.bind-file: <source-path>: bind-mount a filetype: tmpfs: mount a private temporary in-memory filesystem
Layouts using bind* and tmpfs significantly increase the startup time of your snap. We recommend using symlink instead, because it has the least amount of overhead.
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libEGL.so:
symlink: $SNAP/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libEGL.so
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libGL.so:
symlink: $SNAP/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libGL.so
Some applications, however, might treat symlinks differently than regular files or directories so you may need to use a bind mount in those cases.
<source-path> must refer to either $SNAP, $SNAP_DATA or $SNAP_COMMON.
<target-path> can include nearly any path except for:
/boot/dev/home/lib/firmware,/usr/lib/firmware/lib/modules,/usr/lib/modules/lost+found/media/proc/run,/var/run/sys/tmp/var/lib/snapd/var/snap
As /lib and /run are symbolic links to /usr/lib and /var/run respectively, they require separate exceptions to ensure certain locations, such as /lib/firmware, can’t be worked around. See below for further limitations.
If <source-path> and <target-path> don’t already exist, they will be automatically created by snapd. This includes the creation of new empty files, but doesn’t include the creation of symbolic link targets. This is because snapd doesn’t know what kind of objects they may eventually point to. In the previous example, $SNAP_DATA/etc/foo.conf is created before any snap application code is executed.
Creating new files and directories in read-only spaces
Layouts can create new directories and files even in read-only locations such as /usr/share. The following declaration will create /usr/share/foo, for example, visible only to executing snap applications (it’s assumed that /usr/share/foo does not exist in the base snap declared by the application developer):
layout:
/usr/share/foo:
bind: $SNAP/usr/share/foo
To accomplish the above, snapd uses a temporary filesystem (tmpfs) mounted on /usr/share and populated with a set of empty files and directories. These are then used for bind mounts as well as symlinks to reconstruct the original /usr/share. This allows snapd to make /usr/share writable, and consequently, allows snapd to create /usr/share/foo and configure it as desired.
Current limitations
The following apply as of snapd 2.36:
Layouts do not work with classic snaps
This functionality only works with strictly-confined snaps, and does not work with snaps using classic confinement. This may change in the future.
New entries in / (root)
Layouts cannot currently create new top-level files or directories. For example, the following layout declaration will not work:
layout:
/foo: # Unsupported, cannot create new top-level directories.
bind: $SNAP/foo
Incompatible existing file, directory or symbolic link
Layouts cannot replace an existing but incompatible filesystem object. This means, for example, that files cannot replace directories or symbolic links, files cannot replace a directory, and existing symbolic links cannot be redirected to a new target. You can, however, replace a directory with another directory.
)