So I renamed my local file from screenshot.png to yandex-browser-picture-01.png and uploaded it to my snap page as another image. When I opened the public webpage of my snap, the new image loaded correctly, but the first uploaded image named screenshot.png still did not load correctly.
Looks like a cloudinary caching issue or something.
If I visit your store page, I get this image URL:
https://res.cloudinary.com/canonical/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto,fl_sanitize,w_819,h_511/https://dashboard.snapcraft.io/site_media/appmedia/2024/01/yandex-browser-screenshot.png which is your screenshot.
If I use the other name you specified, at this URL, I get the NDA screenshot.
And as you said, it is definitely a Cloudinary issue in combination with an insufficiently unique file url. In fact, the coverup snap image has this url: https://dashboard.snapcraft.io/site_media/appmedia/2024/01/Screenshot_eY0o8n8.png so it means that was uploaded with this name Screenshot.png
The image for my Yandex browser snap page was uploaded with the name screenshot.png and it seems that Cloudinary doesn’t bother a lot about case sensitivity.